MyLord，IbegleavetodedicatethisVolumetoyourLordship，asatributejustlyduetothegreatStatesmanwhohaseverhadathearttheameliorationoftheAfricanrace；andasatokenofadmirationofthebeneficialeffectsofthatpolicywhichhehassolonglabouredtoestablishontheWestCoastofAfrica；andwhich，inimprovingthatregion，hasmostforciblyshowntheneedofsomesimilarsystemontheoppositesideoftheContinent。
DAVIDLIVINGSTONE。
NOTICETOTHISWORK。
ThenameofthelateMr。CharlesLivingstonetakesaprominentplaceamongstthosewhoactedundertheleadershipofDr。Livingstoneduringtheadventuroussojournofthe\"ZambesiExpedition\"inEastAfrica。Inlayingtheresultoftheirdiscoveriesbeforethepublic，itwasarrangedthatMr。CharlesLivingstoneshouldplacehisvoluminousnotesatthedisposalofhisbrother:theyareincorporatedinthepresentwork，butinanecessarilyabridgedform。
PREFACE。
IthasbeenmyobjectinthisworktogiveasclearanaccountasI
wasableoftractsofcountrypreviouslyunexplored，withtheirriversystems，naturalproductions，andcapabilities；andtobringbeforemycountrymen，andallothersinterestedinthecauseofhumanity，themiseryentailedbytheslave-tradeinitsinlandphases；asubjectonwhichIandmycompanionsarethefirstwhohavehadanyopportunitiesofformingajudgment。TheeightyearsspentinAfrica，sincemylastworkwaspublished，havenot，Ifear，improvedmypowerofwritingEnglish；butIhopethat，whatevermydescriptionswantinclearness，orliteraryskill，mayinameasurebecompensatedbythenoveltyofthescenesdescribed，andtheadditionalinformationaffordedonthatcurseofAfrica，andthatshame，evennow，inthe19thcentury，ofanEuropeannation，——theslave-trade。
Itookthe\"LadyNyassa\"toBombayfortheexpresspurposeofsellingher，andmightwithoutanydifficultyhavedoneso；butwiththethoughtofpartingwithherarose，morestronglythanever，thefeelingofdisinclinationtoabandontheEastCoastofAfricatothePortugueseandslave-trading，andIdeterminedtorunhomeandconsultmyfriendsbeforeIallowedthelittlevesseltopassfrommyhands。After，therefore，havingputtwoAjawalads，ChumaandWakatani，toschoolundertheeminentmissionarytheRev。Dr。Wilson，andhavingprovidedsatisfactorilyforthenativecrew，Istartedhomewardswiththethreewhitesailors，andreachedLondonJuly20th，1864。Mr。andMrs。
Webb，mymuch-lovedfriends，wrotetoBombayinvitingme，intheeventofmycomingtoEngland，tomakeNewsteadAbbeymyheadquarters，andonmyarrivalrenewedtheirinvitation:
andthough，whenIacceptedit，Ihadnointentionofremainingsolongwithmykind-heartedgenerousfriends，IstayedwiththemuntilApril，1865，andundertheirrooftranscribedfrommyownandmybrother\'sjournalthewholeofthispresentbook。ItiswithheartfeltgratitudeIwouldrecordtheirunweariedkindness。MyacquaintancewithMr。WebbbeganinAfrica，wherehewasadaringandsuccessfulhunter，andhiscontinuedfriendshipismostvaluablebecausehehasseenmissionarywork，andhewouldnotaccordhisrespectandesteemtomehadhenotbelievedthatI，andmybrethrenalso，weretobelookedonashonestmenearnestlytryingtodoourduty。
TheGovernmenthavesupportedtheproposaloftheRoyalGeographicalSocietymadebymyfriendSirRoderickMurchison，andhaveunitedwiththatbodytoaidmeinanotherattempttoopenAfricatocivilizinginfluences，andavaluedprivatefriendhasgivenathousandpoundsforthesameobject。Iproposetogoinland，northoftheterritorywhichthePortugueseinEuropeclaim，andendeavourtocommencethatsystemontheEastwhichhasbeensoeminentlysuccessfulontheWestCoast；asystemcombiningtherepressiveeffortsofH。M。cruiserswithlawfultradeandChristianMissions——
themoralandmaterialresultsofwhichhavebeensogratifying。I
hopetoascendtheRovuma，orsomeotherriverNorthofCapeDelgado，and，inadditiontomyotherwork，shallstrive，bypassingalongtheNorthernendofLakeNyassaandroundtheSouthernendofLakeTanganyika，toascertainthewatershedofthatpartofAfrica。Insodoing，IhavenowishtounsettlewhatwithsomuchtoilanddangerwasaccomplishedbySpekeandGrant，butrathertoconfirmtheirillustriousdiscoveries。
IhavetoacknowledgetheobligingreadinessofLordRussellinlendingmethedrawingstakenbytheartistwhowasinthefirstinstanceattachedtotheExpedition。Thesesketches，withphotographsbyCharlesLivingstoneandDr。Kirk，havemateriallyassistedintheillustrations。IwouldalsoverysincerelythankmyfriendsProfessorOwenandMr。Oswellformanyvaluablehintsandotheraidinthepreparationofthisvolume。
NewsteadAbbey，April16，1865。
THEZAMBESIANDITSTRIBUTARIES。
INTRODUCTION。
ObjectsoftheExpedition——PersonalInterestshownbyNavalAuthorities——MembersoftheZambesiExpedition。
WhenfirstIdeterminedonpublishingthenarrativeofmy\"MissionaryTravels，\"Ihadagreatmisgivingastowhetherthecriticismmyendeavoursmightprovokewouldbefriendlyorthereverse，moreparticularlyasIfeltthatIhadthenbeensolongasojournerinthewilderness，astobequiteastrangertotheBritishpublic。ButIamnowinthis，mysecondessayatauthorship，cheeredbytheconvictionthatverymanyreaders，whoarepersonallyunknowntome，willreceivethisnarrativewiththekindlyconsiderationandallowancesoffriends；andthatmanymore，underthegenialinfluencesofaninnateloveofliberty，andofadesiretoseethesamesocialandreligiousblessingstheythemselvesenjoy，disseminatedthroughouttheworld，willsympathizewithmeintheeffortsbywhichIhavestriven，howeverimperfectly，toelevatethepositionandcharacterofourfellow-meninAfrica。Thisknowledgemakesmedoublyanxioustorendermynarrativeacceptabletoallmyreaders；but，intheabsenceofanyexcellenceinliterarycomposition
thenaturalconsequenceofmypursuits，Ihavetoofferonlyasimpleaccountofamissionwhich，withrespecttotheobjectsproposedtobetherebyaccomplished，formedanoblecontrasttosomeoftheearlierexpeditionstoEasternAfrica。Ibelievethattheinformationitwillgive，respectingthepeoplevisitedandthecountriestraversed，willnotbemateriallygainsaidbyanyfuturecommonplacetravellerlikemyself，whomaybeblestwithfairhealthandagleamofsunshineinhisbreast。ThisaccountiswrittenintheearnesthopethatitmaycontributetothatinformationwhichwillyetcausethegreatandfertilecontinentofAfricatobenolongerkeptwantonlysealed，butmadeavailableasthesceneofEuropeanenterprise，andwillenableitspeopletotakeaplaceamongthenationsoftheearth，thussecuringthehappinessandprosperityoftribesnowsunkinbarbarismordebasedbyslavery；and，aboveall，IcherishthehopethatitmayleadtotheintroductionoftheblessingsoftheGospel。
Inorderthatthefollowingnarrativemaybeclearlyunderstood，itisnecessarytocalltomindsomethingswhichtookplaceprevioustotheZambesiExpeditionbeingsentout。Mostgeographersareawarethat，beforethediscoveryofLakeNgamiandthewell-wateredcountryinwhichtheMakololodwell，theideaprevailedthatalargepartoftheinteriorofAfricaconsistedofsandydeserts，intowhichriversranandwerelost。Duringmyjourneyin1852-6，fromseatosea，acrossthesouthintertropicalpartofthecontinent，itwasfoundtobeawell-wateredcountry，withlargetractsoffinefertilesoilcoveredwithforest，andbeautifulgrassyvalleys，occupiedbyaconsiderablepopulation；andoneofthemostwonderfulwaterfallsintheworldwasbroughttolight。Thepeculiarformofthecontinentwasthenascertained
tobeanelevatedplateau，somewhatdepressedinthecentre，andwithfissuresinthesidesbywhichtheriversescapedtothesea；andthisgreatfactinphysicalgeographycanneverbereferredtowithoutcallingtomindtheremarkablehypothesisbywhichthedistinguishedPresidentoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety(SirRoderickI。Murchison)clearlyindicatedthispeculiarity，beforeitwasverifiedbyactualobservationofthealtitudesofthecountryandbythecoursesoftherivers。NewlightwasthrownonotherportionsofthecontinentbythefamoustravelsofDr。Barth，bytheresearchesoftheChurchofEnglandmissionariesKrapf，Erkhardt，andRebman，bytheperseveringeffortsofDr。
Baikie，thelastmartyrtotheclimateandEnglishenterprise，bythejourneyofFrancisGalton，andbythemostinterestingdiscoveriesofLakesTanganyikaandVictoriaNyanzabyCaptainBurton，andbyCaptainSpeke，whoseuntimelyendweallsodeeplydeplore。ThenfollowedtheresearchesofVanderDecken，Thornton，andothers；andlastofallthegranddiscoveryofthemainsourceoftheNile，whicheveryEnglishmanmustfeelanhonestprideinknowingwasaccomplishedbyourgallantcountrymen，SpekeandGrant。Thefabuloustorridzone，ofparchedandburningsand，wasnowprovedtobeawell-wateredregionresemblingNorthAmericainitsfresh-waterlakes，andIndiainitshothumidlowlands，jungles，ghauts，andcoolhighlandplains。
ThemainobjectofthisZambesiExpedition，asourinstructionsfromHerMajesty\'sGovernmentexplicitlystated，wastoextendtheknowledgealreadyattainedofthegeographyandmineralandagriculturalresourcesofEasternandCentralAfrica——toimproveouracquaintancewiththeinhabitants，andtoendeavourtoengagethemtoapplythemselvestoindustrialpursuitsandtothecultivationoftheirlands，withaviewtotheproductionofrawmaterialtobeexportedtoEnglandinreturnforBritishmanufactures；anditwashopedthat，byencouragingthenativestooccupythemselvesinthedevelopmentoftheresourcesofthecountry，aconsiderableadvancemightbemadetowardstheextinctionoftheslave-trade，astheywouldnotbelongindiscoveringthattheformerwouldeventuallybeamorecertainsourceofprofitthanthelatter。TheExpeditionwassentinaccordancewiththesettledpolicyoftheEnglishGovernment；
andtheEarlofClarendon，beingthenattheheadoftheForeignOffice，theMissionwasorganizedunderhisimmediatecare。WhenachangeofGovernmentensued，weexperiencedthesamegenerouscountenanceandsympathyfromtheEarlofMalmesbury，aswehadpreviouslyreceivedfromLordClarendon；and，ontheaccessionofEarlRusselltothehighofficehehassolongfilled，wewerealwaysfavouredwithequallyreadyattentionandthesamepromptassistance。
Thustheconvictionwasproducedthatourworkembodiedtheprinciples，notofanyoneparty，butoftheheartsofthestatesmenandofthepeopleofEnglandgenerally。TheExpeditionowesgreatobligationstotheLordsoftheAdmiraltyfortheirunvaryingreadinesstorenderuseveryassistanceintheirpower；andtothewarm-heartedandever-obliginghydrographertotheAdmiralty，thelateAdmiralWashington，asasubordinate，butmosteffectiveagent，ourheartfeltgratitudeisalsodue；andwemusteverthankfullyacknowledgethatourefficiencywasmainlyduetothekindservicesofAdmiralsSirFrederickGrey，SirBaldwinWalker，andallthenavalofficersservingunderthemontheEastCoast。NormustIomittorecordourobligationstoMr。Skead，R。N。TheLuawewascarefullysoundedandsurveyedbythisofficer，whoseskilfulandzealouslabours，bothonthatriver，andafterwardsontheLowerZambesi，weredeservingofallpraise。
InspeakingofwhathasbeendonebytheExpedition，itshouldalwaysbeunderstoodthatDr。Kirk，Mr。CharlesLivingstone，Mr。R。
Thornton，andotherscomposedit。Inusingthepluralnumbertheyaremeant，andIwishtobeartestimonytotheuntiringzeal，energy，courage，andperseverancewithwhichmycompanionslaboured；
undauntedbydifficulties，dangers，orhardfare。Itismyfirmbeliefthat，weretheirservicesrequiredinanyothercapacity，theymightbeimplicitlyreliedontoperformtheirdutylikemen。ThereasonwhyDr。Kirk\'snamedoesnotappearonthetitle-pageofthisnarrativeis，becauseitishopedthathemaygiveanaccountofthebotanyandnaturalhistoryoftheExpeditioninaseparateworkfromhisownpen。Hecollectedabovefourthousandspeciesofplants，specimensofmostofthevaluablewoods，ofthedifferentnativemanufactures，ofthearticlesoffood，andofthedifferentkindsofcottonfromeveryspotwevisited，andagreatvarietyofbirdsandinsects；besidesmakingmeteorologicalobservations，andaffording，asourinstructionsrequired，medicalassistancetothenativesineverycasewherehecouldbeofanyuse。
CharlesLivingstonewasalsofullyoccupiedinhisdutiesinfollowingoutthegeneralobjectsofourmission，inencouragingthecultureofcotton，inmakingmanymagneticandmeteorologicalobservations，inphotographingsolongasthematerialswouldserve，andincollectingalargenumberofbirds，insects，andotherobjectsofinterest。Thecollections，beingGovernmentproperty，havebeenforwardedtotheBritishMuseum，andtotheRoyalBotanic，GardensatKew；andshouldDr。Kirkundertaketheirdescription，threeorfouryearswillberequiredforthepurpose。
Thoughcollectionsweremade，itwasalwaysdistinctlyunderstoodthat，howeverdesirabletheseandourexplorationsmightbe，\"HerMajesty\'sGovernmentattachedmoreimportancetothemoralinfluencethatmightbeexertedonthemindsofthenativesbyawell-regulatedandorderlyhouseholdofEuropeanssettinganexampleofconsistentmoralconducttoallwhomightwitnessit；treatingthepeoplewithkindness，andrelievingtheirwants，teachingthemtomakeexperimentsinagriculture，explainingtothemthemoresimplearts，impartingtothemreligiousinstructionasfarastheyarecapableofreceivingit，andinculcatingpeaceandgoodwilltoeachother。”
Itwouldbetiresometoenumerateindetailallthelittleactswhichwereperformedbyuswhilefollowingoutourinstructions。Asarule，wheneverthesteamerstoppedtotakeinwood，orforanyotherpurpose，Dr。KirkandCharlesLivingstonewentashoretotheirduties:oneofourparty，whoitwasintendedshouldnavigatethevesselandlaydownthegeographicalpositions，havingfailedtoanswertheexpectationsformedofhim，thesedutiesfellchieflytomyshare。Theyinvolvedaconsiderableamountofnightwork，inwhichIwasalwayscheerfullyaidedbymycompanions，andtheresultswereregularlycommunicatedtoourwarmandever-readyfriend，SirThomasMaclearoftheRoyalObservatory，CapeofGoodHope。Whilethisworkwasgoingthroughthepress，wewerefavouredwiththelongitudesofseveralstationsdeterminedfromobservedoccultationsofstarsbythemoon，andfromeclipsesandreappearancesofJupiter\'ssatellites，byMr。Mann，theableAssistanttotheCapeAstronomerRoyal；thelunarsarestillinthehandsofMr。G。W。H。
MaclearofthesameObservatory。Inadditiontothese，thealtitudes，variationsofthecompass，latitudesandlongitudes，ascalculatedonthespot，appearinthemapbyMr。Arrowsmith，anditishopedmaynotdiffermuchfromtheresultsofthesamedatainablerbands。Theofficeof\"skipper，\"which，ratherthanlettheExpeditioncometoastand，Iundertook，requirednogreatabilityinone\"nottoooldtolearn:\"itsavedasalary，and，whatwasmuchmorevaluablethangold，savedtheExpeditionfromthedrawbackofanyonethinkingthathewasindispensabletoitsfurtherprogress。
Theofficerequiredattentiontothevesselbothatrestandinmotion。Italsoinvolvedconsiderableexposuretothesun；andtomyregretkeptmefrommuchanticipatedintercoursewiththenatives，andtheformationoffullvocabulariesoftheirdialects。
Imayaddthatallwearisomerepetitionsareasmuchaspossibleavoidedinthenarrative；and，ourmovementsandoperationshavingpreviouslybeengiveninaseriesofdespatches，theattemptisnowmadetogiveasfairlyaspossiblejustwhatwouldmoststrikeanypersonofordinaryintelligenceinpassingthroughthecountry。Forthesakeofthefreshnesswhichusuallyattachestofirstimpressions，theJournalofCharlesLivingstonehasbeenincorporatedinthenarrative；andmanyremarksmadebythenatives，whichheputdownatthemomentoftranslation，willconveytoothersthesameideasastheydidtoourselves。Somearenodoubttrivial；butitisbythelittleactsandwordsofevery-daylifethatcharacteristrulyandbestknown。Anddoubtlessmanywillprefertodrawtheirownconclusionsfromthemratherthantobeschooledbyus。
CHAPTERI。
ArrivalattheZambesi——RebelWarfare——WildAnimals——Shupanga——
HippopotamusHunters——TheMakololo——Crocodiles。
TheExpeditionleftEnglandonthe10thofMarch，1858，inHerMajesty\'sColonialSteamer\"Pearl，\"commandedbyCaptainDuncan；and，afterenjoyingthegeneroushospitalityofourfriendsatCapeTown，withtheobligingattentionsofSirGeorgeGrey，andreceivingonboardMr。FrancisSkead，R。N。，assurveyor，wereachedtheEastCoastinthefollowingMay。
OurfirstobjectwastoexploretheZambesi，itsmouthsandtributaries，withaviewtotheirbeingusedashighwaysforcommerceandChristianitytopassintothevastinteriorofAfrica。Whenwecamewithinfiveorsixmilesoftheland，theyellowish-greentingeoftheseainsoundingswassuddenlysucceededbymuddywaterwithwrack，asofariverinflood。Thetwocoloursdidnotintermingle，butthelineofcontactwasassharplydefinedaswhentheoceanmeetstheland。Itwasobservedthatunderthewrack——consistingofreeds，sticks，andleaves——andevenunderfloatingcuttlefishbonesandPortuguese\"men-of-war\"(Physalia)，numbersofsmallfishscreenthemselvesfromtheeyesofbirdsofprey，andfromtheraysofthetorridsun。
WeenteredtheriverLuawefirst，becauseitsentranceissosmoothanddeep，thatthe\"Pearl，\"drawing9feet7inches，wentinwithoutaboatsoundingahead。AsmallsteamlaunchhavingbeenbroughtoutfromEnglandinthreesectionsonthedeckofthe\"Pearl\"washoistedoutandscrewedtogetherattheanchorage，andwithheraidtheexplorationwascommenced。Shewascalledthe\"MaRobert，\"afterMrs。Livingstone，towhomthenatives，accordingtotheircustom，gavethenameMa(mother)ofhereldestson。Theharbourisdeep，butshutinbymangroveswamps；andthoughthewaterafewmilesupisfresh，itisonlyatidalriver；for，afterascendingsomeseventymiles，itwasfoundtoendinmarshesblockedupwithreedsandsucculentaquaticplants。AstheLuawehadbeencalled\"WestLuabo，\"
itwassupposedtobeabranchoftheZambesi，themainstreamofwhichiscalled\"Luabo，\"or\"EastLuabo。”The\"MaRobert\"and\"Pearl\"thenwenttowhatprovedtobearealmouthoftheriverwesought。
TheZambesipoursitswatersintotheoceanbyfourmouths，namely，theMilambe，whichisthemostwesterly，theKongone，theLuabo，andtheTimbwe(orMuselo)。Whentheriverisinflood，anaturalcanalrunningparallelwiththecoast，andwindingverymuchamongtheswamps，formsasecretwayforconveyingslavesfromQuillimanetothebaysMassanganoandNameara，ortotheZambesiitself。TheKwakwa，orriverofQuillimane，somesixtymilesdistantfromthemouthoftheZambesi，haslongbeenrepresentedastheprincipalentrancetotheZambesi，inorder，asthePortuguesenowmaintain，thattheEnglishcruisersmightbeinducedtowatchthefalsemouth，whileslaveswerequietlyshippedfromthetrueone；and，strangetosay，thiserrorhaslatelybeenpropagatedbyamapissuedbythecolonialministerofPortugal。
Aftertheexaminationofthreebranchesbytheableandenergeticsurveyor，FrancisSkead，R。N。，theKongonewasfoundtobethebestentrance。TheimmenseamountofsandbroughtdownbytheZambesihasinthecourseofagesformedasortofpromontory，againstwhichthelongswelloftheIndianOcean，beatingduringtheprevailingwinds，hasformedbars，which，actingagainstthewatersofthedelta，mayhaveledtotheirexitsideways。TheKongoneisoneofthoselateralbranches，andthesafest；inasmuchasthebarhasnearlytwofathomsonitatlowwater，andtheriseatspringtidesisfromtwelvetofourteenfeet。Thebarisnarrow，thepassagenearlystraight，and，wereitbuoyedandabeaconplacedonPearlIsland，wouldalwaysbesafetoasteamer。Whenthewindisfromtheeastornorth，thebarissmooth；
iffromthesouthandsouth-east，ithasaheavybreakonit，andisnottobeattemptedinboats。Astrongcurrentsettingtotheeastwhenthetideisflowing，andtothewestwhenebbing，maydragaboatorshipintothebreakers。Ifoneisdoubtfulofhislongitudeandrunseast，hewillsoonseethelandatTimbwedisappearawaytothenorth；andcomingwestagain，hecaneasilymakeoutEastLuabofromitsgreatsize；andKongonefollowsseveralmileswest。EastLuabohasagoodbutlongbar，andnottobeattemptedunlessthewindbenorth-eastoreast。Ithassometimesbeencalled\"BarraCatrina，\"andwasusedintheembarkationsofslaves。Thismayhavebeenthe\"RiverofGoodSigns，\"ofVascodaGama，asthemouthismoreeasilyseenfromtheseawardthananyother；buttheabsenceofthepillardedicatedbythatnavigatorto\"St。Raphael，\"leavesthematterindoubt。NoPortugueselivewithineightymilesofanymouthoftheZambesi。
TheKongoneisfivemileseastoftheMilambe，orwesternbranch，andsevenmileswestfromEastLuabo，whichagainisfivemilesfromtheTimbwe。Wesawbutfewnatives，andthese，byescapingfromtheircanoesintothemangrovethicketsthemomenttheycaughtsightofus，gaveunmistakeableindicationsthattheyhadnoveryfavourableopinionofwhitemen。TheywereprobablyfugitivesfromPortugueseslavery。Inthegrassygladesbuffaloes，wart-hogs，andthreekindsofantelopewereabundant，andthelattereasilyobtained。Afewhours\'huntingusuallyprovidedvenisonenoughforascoreofmenforseveraldays。
OnproceedinguptheKongonebranchitwasfoundthat，bykeepingwellinthebends，whichthecurrenthadworndeep，shoalswereeasilyavoided。Thefirsttwentymilesarestraightanddeep；thenasmallandrathertortuousnaturalcanalleadsofftotheright，and，afteraboutfivemiles，duringwhichthepaddlesalmosttouchthefloatinggrassofthesides，endsinthebroadZambesi。TherestoftheKongonebranchcomesoutofthemainstreamconsiderablyhigherupastheoutgoingbranchcalledDoto。
ThefirsttwentymilesoftheKongoneareenclosedinmangrovejungle；someofthetreesareornamentedwithorchillaweed，whichappearsnevertohavebeengathered。Hugeferns，palmbushes，andoccasionallywilddate-palmspeeroutintheforest，whichconsistsofdifferentspeciesofmangroves；thebunchesofbrightyellow，thoughscarcelyediblefruit，contrastingprettilywiththegracefulgreenleaves。InsomespotstheMilola，anumbrageoushibiscus，withlargeyellowishflowers，growsinmassesalongthebank。Itsbarkismadeintocordage，andisespeciallyvaluableforthemanufactureofropesattachedtoharpoonsforkillingthehippopotamus。ThePandanusorscrew-palm，fromwhichsugarbagsaremadeintheMauritius，alsoappears，andoncomingoutofthecanalintotheZambesimanyaresotallasinthedistancetoremindusofthesteeplesofournativeland，andmakeusrelishtheremarkofanoldsailor，\"thatbutonethingwaswantingtocompletethepicture，andthatwasa\'grog-shopnearthechurch。\'\"Wefindalsoafewguavaandlime-treesgrowingwild
butthenativesclaimthecrops。Thedarkwoodsresoundwiththelivelyandexultantsongofthekinghunter(Halcyonstriolata)，ashesitsperchedonhighamongthetrees。Asthesteamermovesonthroughthewindingchannel，aprettylittleheronorbrightkingfisherdartsoutinalarmfromtheedgeofthebank，fliesonaheadashortdistance，andsettlesquietlydowntobeagainfrightenedoffinafewsecondsasweapproach。Themagnificentfishhawk(Halietusvocifer)sitsonthetopofamangrove-tree，digestinghismorningmealoffreshfish，andisclearlyunwillingtostiruntiltheimminenceofthedangercompelshimatlasttospreadhisgreatwingsforflight。Theglossyibis，acuteofeartoaremarkabledegree，hearsfromafartheunwontedsoundofthepaddles，and，springingfromthemudwherehisfamilyhasbeenquietlyfeasting，isoff，screamingouthisloud，harsh，anddefiantHa!ha!ha!longbeforethedangerisnear。
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