第1章

AcknowledgmentThisnarrativeisfoundedlargelyonoriginalsources——onthewritingsandjournalsofpioneersandcontemporaryobservers，suchasDoddridgeandAdair，andonthepublicdocumentsoftheperiodasprintedintheColonialRecordsandintheAmericanArchives。Buttheauthoris，nevertheless，greatlyindebtedtotheresearchesof，otherwriters，whoseworksarecitedintheBibliographicalNote。Theauthor’sthanksaredue，also，toDr。

ArchibaldHenderson，oftheUniversityofNorthCarolina，forhiskindnessinreadingtheproofsofthisbookforcomparisonwithhisownextendedcollectionofunpublishedmanuscriptsrelatingtotheperiod。

C。L。S。

April，1919。

BIBLIOGRAPHICALNOTE

PioneersOfTheOldSouthwestChapterI。TheTreadOfPioneersTheUlsterPresbyterians，or\"Scotch-Irish，\"towhomhistoryhasascribedthedominantroleamongthepioneerfolkoftheOldSouthwest，begantheirmigrationstoAmericainthelatteryearsoftheseventeenthcentury。Itisnotknownwithcertaintypreciselywhenorwherethefirstimmigrantsoftheirracearrivedinthiscountry，butsoonafter1680theyweretobefoundinseveralofthecolonies。Itwasnotlong，indeed，beforetheywereenteringinnumbersattheportofPhiladelphiaandweremakingPennsylvaniathechiefcenteroftheiractivitiesintheNewWorld。By1726theyhadestablishedsettlementsinseveralcountiesbehindPhiladelphia。TenyearslatertheyhadbeguntheirgreattreksouthwardthroughtheShenandoahValleyofVirginiaandontotheYadkinValleyofNorthCarolina。Theretheymetothersoftheirownrace——boldmenlikethemselves，hungryafterland——whowerecominginthroughCharlestonandpushingtheirwayuptheriversfromtheseacoasttothe\"BackCountry，\"insearchofhomes。

TheseUlstermendidnotcometotheNewWorldasnovicesintheshapingofsociety；theyhadalreadymadehistory。TheirostensibleobjectinAmericawastoobtainland，but，likemostexternalaims，itwassecondarytoadeeperpurpose。WhathadsenttheUlstermentoAmericawasapassionforawholefreedom。

Theywerelustymen，shrewdandcourageous，zealoustothedeathforanidealandwithalsopracticaltothemomentinbusinessthatitsooncametobecommonlyreportedofthemthat\"theykepttheSabbathandeverythingelsetheycouldlaytheirhandson，\"

thoughitisbutfairtothemtoaddthatthisphraseiscurrentwhereverScotsdwell。TheyhadcontestedinParliamentandwitharmsfortheirownformofworshipandfortheircivilrights。

Theywerealreadyfrontiersmen，trainedinthehardihoodandcraftofborderwarfarethroughyearsofguerrillafightingwiththeIrishCelts。Theyhadpittedandprovedtheirstrengthagainstawilderness；theyhadreclaimedtheNorthofIrelandfromdesolation。Forthetime，manyofthemwereeducatedmen；

undertheregulationsofthePresbyterianChurcheverychildwastaughttoreadatanearlyage，sincenopersoncouldbeadmittedtotheprivilegesoftheChurchwhodidnotbothunderstandandapprovethePresbyterianconstitutionanddiscipline。TheywerebroughtupontheBibleandonthewritingsoftheirfamouspastors，oneofwhom，asearlyas1650，hadgivenutterancetothedemocraticdoctrinethat\"menarecalledtothemagistracybythesuffrageofthepeoplewhomtheygovern，andformentoassumeuntothemselvespowerismeretyrannyandunjustusurpation。\"InsubscribingtothisdoctrineandinresistingtothehiltalleffortsofsuccessiveEnglishkingstointerfereintheelectionoftheirpastors，theScotsofUlsterhadalreadydeclaredfordemocracy。

ItwasshortlyafterJamesVIofScotlandbecameJamesIofEnglandandwhiletheEnglishwerefoundingJamestownthattheScotshadfirstoccupiedUlster；butthetrueoriginoftheUlsterPlantationliesfurtherback，inthereignofHenryVIII，inthedaysoftheEnglishReformation。InHenry’sIrishrealmtheReformation，thoughproclaimedbyroyalauthority，hadneverbeenaccomplished；andHenry’smorefamousdaughter，Elizabeth，hadconceivedtheplan，latertobecarriedoutbyJames，ofplantingcoloniesofProtestantsinIrelandtopromoteloyaltyinthatrebelliousland。Sixcounties，comprisinghalfamillionacres，formedtheUlsterPlantation。ThegreatmajorityofthecolonistssentthitherbyJameswereScotchLowlanders，butamongthemweremanyEnglishandasmallernumberofHighlanders。ThesethreepeoplesfromtheislandofBritainbroughtforth，throughintermarriage，theUlsterScots。

ThereignofCharlesIhadinauguratedfortheUlstermenaneraofpersecution。CharlespracticallysuppressedthePresbyterianreligioninIreland。Hisson，CharlesII，struckatIrelandin1666throughitscattletrade，byprohibitingtheexportationofbeeftoEnglandandScotland。TheNavigationActs，excludingIrelandfromdirecttradewiththecolonies，ruinedIrishcommerce，whileCorporationActsandTestActsrequiringconformitywiththepracticesoftheChurchofEnglandboreheavilyontheUlsterPresbyterians。

ItwaslargelybyrefugeesfromreligiouspersecutionthatAmericainthebeginningwascolonized。ButreligiouspersecutionwasonlyoneoftheinfluenceswhichshapedthecourseandformedthecharacteroftheUlsterScots。InUlster，whithertheyhadoriginallybeentransplantedbyJamestofoundaloyalprovinceinthemidstoftheKing’senemies，theyhaddonetheirworktoowellandhadwaxedtoopowerfulforthecomfortoflatermonarchs。Thefirstattacksuponthemstruckattheirreligion；

butthesubsequentlegislativeactswhichsuccessivelyruinedthewoolentrade，barrednonconformistsfrompublicoffice，stifledIrishcommerce，pronouncednon-Episcopalmarriagesirregular，andinstitutedheavytaxationandhighrentalsforthelandtheirfathershadmadeproductive——thesewereblowsdealtchieflyforthepoliticalandcommercialendsoffavoredclassesinEngland。

Theseattacks，aimedthroughhisreligiousconscienceatthesourcesofhislivelihood，madetheUlsterScotperforcewhathewas——azealotasacitizenandazealotasamerchantnolessthanasaPresbyterian。Thankstohispersecutors，hemadeareligionofeverythingheundertookandregardedhiscivilrightsasdivinerights。Thusoutofpersecutionemergedatypeofmanwhowashigh-principledandnarrow，strongandviolent，astenaciousofhisownrightsashewasblindoftentotherightsofothers，acquisitiveyetself-sacrificing，butmostofallfearless，confidentofhisownpower，determinedtohaveandtohold。

TwentythousandUlstermen，itisestimated，leftIrelandforAmericainthefirstthreedecadesoftheeighteenthcentury。

MorethansixthousandofthemareknowntohaveenteredPennsylvaniain1729alone，andtwentyyearslatertheynumberedone-quarterofthatcolony’spopulation。DuringthefiveyearsprecedingtheRevolutionaryWarmorethanthirtythousandUlstermencrossedtheoceanandarrivedinAmericajustintimeandinjusttherightframeofmindtoreturnKingGeorge’scomplimentinkind，byhelpingtodeprivehimofhisAmericanestates，adomainverymuchlargerthantheacresofUlster。TheyfullyjustifiedthefearsofthegoodbishopwhowroteLordDartmouth，SecretaryfortheColonies，thathetrembledforthepeaceoftheKing’soverseasrealm，sincethesethousandsof\"phanaticalandhungryRepublicans\"hadsailedforAmerica。

TheUlstermenwhoenteredbyCharlestonwereknowntotheinhabitantsofthetidewaterregionsasthe\"Scotch-Irish。\"Thosewhocamefromthenorth，luredsouthwardbytheofferofcheaplands，werecalledthe\"PennsylvaniaIrish。\"Bothwere，however，ofthesamerace——aracetwiceexpatriated，firstfromScotlandandthenfromIreland，andstrippedofallthatithadwonthroughoutmorethanacenturyofpersecution。TotheseexilestheBackCountryofNorthCarolina，withitscheapandevenfreetractslyingfarfromtheseatofgovernment，musthaveseemednotonlytheLandofPromisebuttheLandofLastChance。Heretheymuststriketheirrootsintothesodwithsuchinterlockingstrengththatnocataclysmoftyrannyshouldeverdislodgethem——ortheymustacceptthefatedealtouttothembytheirformerpersecutorsandbecomeatribeofnomadsandserfs。ButtotheseUlsterimmigrantssuchachoicewasnochoiceatall。Theyknewthemselvesstrongmen，whohadmadethemostofopportunitydespitealmostsuperhumanobstacles。ThedrummingoftheirfeetalongthebanksoftheShenandoah，oruptheriversfromCharleston，andonthroughthebroadsweepoftheYadkinValley，wasaconqueringpeople’schallengetotheWildernesswhichlaysleepinglikeanunreadysentinelatthegatesoftheirFuture。

Itismaintainedstillbymany，howeveroftendisputed，thattheUlstermenwerethefirsttodeclareforAmericanIndependence，asintheOldCountrytheywerethefirsttodemandtheseparationofChurchandState。ADeclarationofIndependenceissaidtohavebeendrawnupandsignedinMecklenburgCounty，NorthCarolina，onMay20，1775。*Howeverthatmaybe，itiscertainthattheseMecklenburgProtestantshadreceivedspecialschoolinginthedoctrineofindependence。Theyhadintheirmidstforeightyears（1758-66）theReverendAlexanderCraighead，aPresbyterianministerwho，forhis\"republicandoctrines\"

expressedinapamphlet，hadbeendisownedbythePennsylvaniaSynodactingontheGovernor’sprotest，andsopersecutedinVirginiathathehadatlastfledtotheNorthCarolinaBackCountry。There，duringtheremainingyearsofhislife，asthesolepreacherandteacherinthesettlementsbetweentheYadkinandtheCatawbarivershefoundwillingsoilinwhichtosowtheseedsofLiberty。

*SeeHoyt，\"TheMecklenburgDeclarationofIndependence\"；and\"AmericanArchives，\"FourthSeries。vol。II，p。855。

TherewasanotherbranchoftheScottishracewhichhelpedtopeopletheBackCountry。TheHighlanders，whoseloyaltytotheiroathmadethemfightontheKing’ssideintheRevolutionaryWar，havebeensomewhatoverlookedinhistory。Tradition，handeddownamongthetransplantedclans——who，forthemostpart，spokeonlyGaelicforagenerationandwrotenothing——andlatterlyrecordedbyoneortwooftheirdescendants，suppliesuswithallwearenowabletolearnoftheearlycomingoftheGaelstoCarolina。

ItwouldseemthattheirfirstimmigrationtoAmericainsmallbandstookplaceafterthesuppressionoftheJacobiterisingin1715——whenHighlandersfledinnumbersalsotoFrance——forby1729therewasasettlementofthemontheCapeFearRiver。Weknow，too，thatin1748itwaschargedagainstGabrielJohnston，GovernorofNorthCarolinafrom1734to1752，thathehadshownnojoyovertheKing’s\"gloriousvictoryofCulloden\"andthat\"hehadappointedoneWilliamMcGregor，whohadbeenintheRebellionintheyear1715aJusticeofthePeaceduringthelastRebellion[1745]andwasnothimselfwithoutsuspicionofdisaffectiontoHisMajesty’sGovernment。\"ItisindeedpossiblethatGabrielJohnston，formerlyaprofessoratSt。Andrew’sUniversity，hadhimselfnotalwaysbeenastrangertothekilt。

HeinducedlargenumbersofhighlanderstocometoAmericaandprobablyinfluencedthesecondGeorgetomoderatehistreatmentofthevanquishedGaelsintheOldCountryandpermittheiremigrationtotheNewWorld。

IncontrastwiththeUlstermen，whosesecularidealsweredictatedbytheformsoftheirChurch，theseScotsadheredstilltothetribalorclansystem，althoughthey，too，inthemajority，werePresbyterians，withaminorityofRomanCatholicsandEpiscopalians。IntheScotchHighlandstheyhadoccupiedsmallholdingsonthelandundertheswayoftheirchief，orHeadoftheClan，towhomtheywereboundbybloodandfealtybuttowhomtheypaidnorentals。ThepositionoftheHeadoftheClanwashereditary，butnoheirwasboldenoughtostepforwardintothatpositionuntilhehadperformedsomedeedofworth。Theywereprincipallyherders，theirchiefstockbeingthefamoussmallblackcattleoftheHighlands。Theirwarswitheachotherwerecattleraids。Onlyinwar，however，didtheGaellayhandsonhisneighbor’sgoods。TherewerenohighwaymenandhousebreakersintheHighlands。NoHighlandmansion，cot，orbarnwaseverlocked。Theftandthebreakingofanoath，sinsagainstman’shonor，wereheldinsuchabhorrencethatnooneguiltyofthemcouldremainamonghisclansmeninthebelovedglens。TheseHighlanderswerearaceoftall，robustmen，wholivedsimplyandfrugallyandsleptontheheathamongtheirflocksinallweathers，withnoothercoveringfromrainandsnowthantheirplaidies。ItisreportedoftheLairdofKeppoch，whowasleadinghisclantowarinwintertime，thathismenweredividedastotheproprietyoffollowinghimfurtherbecauseherolledasnowballtoresthisheaduponwhenhelaydown。\"Nowwedespairofvictory，\"theysaid，\"sinceourleaderhasbecomegoeffeminatehecannotsleepwithoutapillow！\"*

*MacLean，\"AnHistoricalAccountoftheSettlementofScotchHigh。landersinAmerica。\"

The\"King’sgloriousvictoryofCulloden\"wasfollowedbyapolicyofexterminationcarriedonbytheordersandunderthepersonaldirectionoftheDukeofCumberland。WhenKingGeorgeatlastrestrainedhissonfromhisorgyofblood，heofferedtheGaelstheirlivesandexiletoAmericaonconditionoftheirtakingthefulloathofallegiance。Themajorityacceptedhisterms，fornotonlyweretheirlivesforfeitbuttheircropsandcattlehadbeendestroyedandtheholdingsonwhichtheirancestorshadlivedformanycenturiestakenfromthem。Thedescriptionsofthescenesattendingtheirleave-takingofthehillsandglenstheylovedwithsuchpassionatefervorareamongthemostpatheticinhistory。Strongmenwhohadmettheravageofabrutalswordwithoutweakeningabandonedthemselvestotheagonyofsorrow。Theykissedthewallsoftheirhouses。Theyflungthemselvesonthegroundandembracedthesoduponwhichtheyhadwalkedinfreedom。Theycalledtheirbrokenfarewellstothepeaksandlochsofthelandtheywereneveragaintosee；

and，astheyturnedtheirbacksandfileddownthroughthepasses，theirpipersplayedthedirgeforthedead。

Suchwasthecharacter，suchthedeepfeeling，oftheracewhichenteredNorthCarolinafromthecoastandpushedupintothewildernessabouttheheadwatersofCapeFearRiver。Traditionindicatesthatthesehillsmensoughttheinteriorbecausethegrassandpeavinewhichovergrewtheinnercountrystretchingtowardsthemountainsprovidedexcellentfodderforthecattlewhichsomeofthechiefsaresaidtohavebroughtwiththem。

TheseGaelicherders，perhapsinnegligiblenumbers，wereintheYadkinValleybefore1730，possiblyeventenyearsearlier。In1739NeilMacNeillofKintyrebroughtoverashiploadofGaelstorejoinhiskinsman，HectorMacNeill，calledBluffHectorfromhisresidencenearthebluffsatCrossCreek，nowFayetteville。SomeoftheseimmigrantswentontotheYadkin，wearetold，tounitewithothersoftheirclanwhohadbeenforsometimeinthatdistrict。TheexacttimeofthefirstHighlanderontheYadkincannotbeascertained，astherewerenocourtrecordsandtheofficesofthelandcompanieswerenotthenopenforthesaleoftheseremoteregions。Butby1753therewerenotlessthanfourthousandGaelsinCumberlandCounty，wheretheyoccupiedthechiefmagisterialposts；andtheywerealreadyspreadingoverthelandsnowcomprisedwithinMoore，Anson，Richmond，Robeson，Bladen，andSampsoncounties。InthesecountiesGaelicwasascommonlyheardasEnglish。

IntheyearsimmediatelyprecedingtheRevolutionandevenin1776itselftheycameinincreasingnumbers。Theyknewnothingofthesmolderingfirejustabouttobreakintoflamesinthecountryoftheirchoice，buttheRoyalGovernor，JosiahMartin，knewthatHighlandarmswouldsoonbecededbyHisMajesty。HeknewsomethingofHighlandhonor，too；forhewouldnotlettheGaelsproceedaftertheirlandinguntiltheyhadboundthemselvesbyoathtosupporttheGovernmentofKingGeorge。SoitwasthattheunfortunateHighlandersfoundthemselves，accordingtootheirstrictcodeofhonor，forcedtowieldarmsagainsttheveryAmericanswhohadreceivedandbefriendedthem——andforthecrownedbrotherofaprincewhosenameisexecratedtothisdayinHighlandsongandstory！

TheywereledbyAllanMacDonaldofKingsborough；andtraditiongivesusastirringpictureofAllan’swife——thefamousFloraMacDonald，whoinScotlandhadprotectedtheYoungPretenderinhisflight——makinganimpassionedaddressinGaelictotheHighlandsoldiersandurgingthemontodieforhonor’ssake。

WhenthisHighlandforcewasconqueredbytheAmericans，thelargemajoritywillinglyboundthemselvesnottofightfurtheragainsttheAmericancauseandweresetatliberty。Manyofthemfeltthat，byofferingtheirlivestotheswordsoftheAmericans，theyhadcanceledtheirobligationtoKingGeorgeandwerenowfreetodrawtheirswordsagainand，thistime，inaccordancewiththeirsympathies；sotheywentovertotheAmericansideandfoughtgallantlyforindependence。

AlthoughthebravegloryofthispioneerageshinessobrightlyontheLionRampantofCaledonia，nottoScotsalonedoesthatwholeglorybelong。ThesecondlargestracialstreamwhichflowedintotheBackCountryofVirginiaandNorthCarolinawasGerman。

MostoftheseGermanswentdownfromPennsylvaniaandweregenerallycalled\"PennsylvaniaDutch，\"anincorrectrenderingofPennsylvanischeDeutsche。TheupperShenandoahValleywassettledalmostentirelybyGermans。TheyweremembersoftheLutheran，GermanReformed，andMoravianchurches。Thecausewhichsentvastnumbersofthissturdypeopleacrosstheocean，duringthefirstyearsoftheeighteenthcentury，wasreligiouspersecution。BystatuteandbywordtheRomanCatholicpowersofAustriasoughttowipeouttheSalzburgLutheransandtheMoravianfollowersofJohnHuss。InthatregionoftheRhinecountryknowninthosedaysastheGermanPalatinate，nowapartofBavaria，ProtestantswerebeingmassacredbythetroopsofLouisofFrance，thenengagedintheWaroftheSpanishSuccession（1701-13）andinthezealousefforttoextirpatehereticsfromthesoilofEurope。In1708，byproclamation，GoodQueenAnneofferedprotectiontothepersecutedPalatinesandinvitedthemtoherdominions。TwelvethousandofthemwenttoEngland，wheretheywerewarmlyreceivedbytheEnglish。ButitwasnoslighttasktosettletwelvethousandimmigrantsofanalienspeechinEnglandandenablethemtobecomeindependentandself-supporting。AbettersolutionoftheirproblemlayintheWesternWorld：TheGermansneededhomesandtheQueen’soverseasdominionsneededcolonists。TheyweresettledatfirstalongtheHudson，andeventuallymanyofthemtookuplandsinthefertilevalleyoftheMohawk。

ForfiftyyearsormoreGermanandAustrianProtestantspouredintoAmerica。InPennsylvaniatheirinfluxaveragedaboutfifteenhundredayear，andthatcolonybecamethedistributingcenterfortheGermanraceinAmerica。By1727，AdamMullerandhislittlecompanyhadestablishedthefirstwhitesettlementintheValleyofVirginia。In1732JoistHeydtwentsouthfromYork，Pennsylvania，andsettledontheOpequanCreekatornearthesiteofthepresentcityofWinchester。

ThelifeofCountZinzendorf，called\"theApostle，\"oneoftheleadersoftheMoravianimmigrants，glowslikeastaroutofthosedarkandtroubloustimes。Ofhighbirthandgentlenurture，heforsookwhateverofeasehisstationpromisedhimandfittedhimsclfforevangelicalwork。In1741hevisitedtheWyomingValleytobringhisreligiontotheDelawaresandShawanoes。HewasnotofthosepicturesqueCaptainsoftheLordwhoboretheirmusketsontheirshoulderswhentheywentforthtopreach。

Armoredonlywiththeshieldoffaith，thehelmetofsalvation，andtheswordofthespirit，hisfeet\"shodwiththepreparationofthegospelofpeace，\"hewentoutintothecountryofthesebloodthirstytribesandtoldthemthathehadcometothemintheirdarknesstoteachtheloveoftheChristwhichlighteththeworld。TheIndiansreceivedhimsuspiciously。Onedaywhilehesatinhistentwriting，someDelawaresdrewneartoslayhimandwereabouttostrikewhentheysawtwodeadlysnakescrawlinfromtheoppositesideofthetent，movedirectlytowardstheApostle，andpassharmlesslyoverhisbody。Thereaftertheyregardedhimasunderspiritualprotection。IndeedsowidespreadwashisgoodfameamongthetribesthatforsomeyearsallMoraviansettlementsalongtheborderswereunmolested。Paintedsavagespassedthroughontheirwaytowarwithenemybandsortoraidtheborder，butforthesakeofoneconsecratedspirit，whomtheyhadseendeathavoid，theysparedthelivesandgoodsofhisfellowbelievers。WhenZinzendorfdepartedayearlater，hismantlefellonDavidZeisberger，wholivedthelovehetaughtforoverfiftyyearsandconvertedmanysavages。ZeisbergerwastakenbeforetheGovernorandarmyheadsatPhiladelphia，whohadonlytoogoodreasontobesuspiciousofpriestlycounselsinthetentsofShem：buthewasabletoimpresswhitemennolessthansimplesavageswiththenobilityofthedoctrinehehadlearnedfromtheApostle。

In1751theMoravianBrotherhoodpurchasedonehundredthousandacresinNorthCarolinafromLordGranville。BishopSpangenburgwascommissionedtosurveythislargeacreage，whichwassituatedinthepresentcountyofForsytheastoftheYadkin，andwhichishistoricallylistedastheWachoviaTract。In1753，twelveBrethrenlefttheMoraviansettlementsofBethlehemandNazareth，inPennsylvania，andjourneyedsouthwardtobeginthefoundingofacolonyontheirnewland。BrotherAdamGrube，oneofthetwelve，keptadiaryoftheeventsofthisexpedition。*

*Thisdiaryisprintedinfullin\"TravelsintheAmericanColonies。\"editedbyN。D。Mereness。

Honortowhomhonorisdue。Wehavepaidit，insomemeasure，totheprimitiveGaelsoftheHighlandsfortheirwarriorstrengthandtheirfealty，andtotheenlightenedScotsofUlsterfortheirenterpriseandfortheirsacrificeuntobloodthatfreeconscienceandjustlawsmightpromotetheprogressandsafeguardtheintercourseoftheirkind。NowletustakeupforamomentBrotherGrube’s\"Journal\"evenaswewelcome，perhapsthemoregratefully，themildlightofeveningafterthefloodingsun，orasourhearts，whentoostronglystirredbythedeedsofmen，turnforresttotheserenefaithandthenaivespeechoflittlechildren。

Thetwelve，welearn，wereundertheleadershipofoneoftheirnumber，BrotherGottlob。Theirearliestalarmsonthemarchwerenotcaused，aswemightexpect，byanticipationsofthepaintedCherokee，butbyencounterswiththestrenuous\"Irish。\"OneofthesecameandlaidhimselftosleepbesidetheBrethren’scampfireontheirfirstnightout，aftertheyhadsungtheireveninghymnandelevenhadstretchedthemselvesontheearthforslumber，whileBrotherGottlob，theirleader，hanginghishammockbetweentwotrees，ascended——notonlyinspirit——alittlehigherthanhischarges，and\"restedwellinit。\"ThoughthealarmingIrishmandidnotdisturbthem，theBrethren’sdoubtsofthatracecontinued，forBrotherGrubewroteonthe14thofOctober：\"Aboutfourinthemorningwesetupourtent，goingfourmilesbeyondCarlIsles[Carlisle，seventeenmilessouthwestofHarrisburg]soasnottobetooneartheIrishPresbyterians。AfterbreakfasttheBrethrenshavedandthenwerestedunderourtent……

PeoplewhowerestayingattheTaverncametoseewhatkindoffolkwewere……BrGottlobheldtheeveningserviceandthenwelaydownaroundourcheerfulfire，andBrGottlobinhishammock。\"Twootherjottingsgiveusaracialkaleidoscopeofthesettlersandwayfarersofthattime。OnonedaytheBrethrenbought\"somehayfromaSwiss，\"later\"somekrautfromaGermanwhichtastedverygoodtous\"；andpresently\"anEnglishmancamebyanddrankacupofteawithusandwasverygratefulforit。\"

FrequentlythelittlebandpausedwhilesomeoftheBrethrenwentofftothefarmsalongtheroutetohelp\"cuthay。\"Thesekindlyactswereusuallyrepaidwithgiftsoffoodorproduce。

OnedaywhileonthemarchtheyhaltedatatavernandfarminShenandoahValleykeptbyamanwhosenameBrotherGrubewrotedownas\"Severe。\"SinceweknowthatBrotherGrube’sspellingofnamesotherthanGermanrequiresediting，weventuretohazardaguessthatthenameheattemptedtosetdownasitsoundedtohimwasSevier。Andwewonderif，inhisbriefsojourn，hesawaladofeightyears，slim，tall，andblond，withdaringandmischievousblueeyes，andacertain，curveofthelipsthatthreatenedhavocintheheartsofbothsexeswhenheshouldbeamanandreachoutwithswifthandsandrecklesswillforhisdesires。Ifhesawthislad，hebeheldJohnSevier，latertobecomeoneofthemostpicturesqueandbelovedheroesoftheOldSouthwest。

HardshipsaboundedontheBrethren’sjourney，butfaithandtheChristian’sjoy，whichnomantakethfromhim，metandsurmountedthem。\"Threeandahalfmilesbeyond，theroadforked……Wetooktherighthandroadbutfoundnowaterfortenmiles。Itgrewlateandwehadtodrivefivemilesintothenighttofindastoppingplace。\"TwooftheBrethrenwentahead\"toseekouttheroad\"throughthedarkenedwilderness。Therewereroughhillsintheway；and，thehorsesbeingexhausted，\"Brethrenhadtohelppush。\"But，indueseason，\"BrNathanaelheldeveningprayerandthenwesleptinthecareofJesus，\"withBrotherGottlobasusualinhishammock。Threedayslatertherecordruns：\"TowardeveningwesawJeamsRiver，theroadtoitrandownsoverysteepahillthatwefastenedasmalltreetothebackofourwagon，lockedthewheels，andtheBrethrenheldbackbythetreewithalltheirmight。\"EventhenthewagonwentdownsofastthatmostoftheBrethrenlosttheirfootingandrolledandtumbledpell-mell。ButFaithmakeslittleofsuchmishaps：\"NoharmwasdoneandwethankedtheLordthathehadsograciouslyprotectedus，foritlookeddangerousandwethoughtattimesthatitcouldnotpossiblybedonewithoutaccidentbutwegotdownsafely……

wewereallverytiredandsleepyandlettheangelsbeourguardduringthenight。\"Rainsfellintorrents，makingstreamsalmostimpassableanddrenchingthelittlebandtotheskin。Thehammockwasemptyonenight，fortheyhadtospendthedarkhourstrench-diggingabouttheirtenttokeepitfrombeingwashedaway。Twodayslater（the10thofNovember）theweatherclearedand\"wespentmostofthedaydryingourblanketsandmendinganddarningourstockings。\"Theyalsoboughtsuppliesfromsettlerswho，asBrotherGrubeobservedwithoutirony，\"aregladwehavetoremainheresolongandthatitmeansmoneyforthem。IntheafternoonweheldalittleLovefeastandrestedoursoulsinthelovingsacrificeofJesus，wishingforbelovedBrethreninBethlehemandthattheyandwemightliveeverclosetoHim……Nov。16。Weroseearlytofordtheriver。Thebankwassosteepthatwehungatreebehindthewagon，fasteningitinsuchawaythatwecouldquicklyreleaseitwhenthewagonreachedthewater。Thecurrentwasveryswiftandtheleadhorseswerecarrieddownabitwithit。Thewaterjustmissedrunningintothewagonbutwecamesafelytotheotherbank，whichhoweverwecouldnotclimbbuthadtotakehalfthethingsoutofthewagon，tieropestotheaxleonwhichwecouldpull，helpourhorseswhichwerequitestiff，andsowebroughtourarkagaintodryland。\"

Ontheeveningofthe17thofNovemberthetwelvearrivedsafelyontheirlandonthe\"Etkin\"（Yadkin），havingbeensixweeksonthemarch。Theyfoundwithjoythat，asever，theLordhadprovidedforthem。Thistimethegiftwasadesertedcabin，\"largeenoughthatwecouldallliedownaroundthewalls。WeatoncemadepreparationforalittleLovefeastandrejoicedheartilywithoneanother。\"

Inthedesertedlogcabin，which，totheirfaith，seemedasoneofthosemansions\"notbuiltwithhands\"anddescendedmiraculouslyfromtheheavens，theyheldtheirLovefeast，whilewolvespaddedandhowledaboutthewalls；andinthatPentacostalhourthetongueoffiredescendeduponBrotherGottlob，sothathemadeanewsonguntotheLord。Whoshallventuretosayitisnotbetterworthpreservingthanmanyaclassic？

WeholdarrivalLovefeasthereInCarolinaland，AcompanyofBrethrentrue，AlittlePilgrim-Band，CalledbytheLordtobeofthoseWhothroughthewholeworldgo，TobearHimwitnesseverywhereAndnoughtbutJesusknow。

Then，wearetold，theBrethrenlaydowntorestand\"BrGottlobhunghishammockaboveourheads\"——aswasmostfittingonthisofallnights；forisnotthePoet’splacealwaysjustalittlenearertothestars？

Thepioneersdidnotalwaystravelingroups。Therewerefamilieswhosetoffalone。Oneofthesenowclaimsourattention，fortherewasaladinthisfamilywhosenameanddeedsweretosoundlikeaballadofromancefromoutthedustypagesofhistory。

Thisfamily’snamewasBoone。

NeitherScotsnorGermanscanclaimDanielBoone；hewasinbloodablendofEnglishandWelsh；incharacterwhollyEnglish。HisgrandfatherGeorgeBoonewasbornin1666inthehamletofStoak，nearExeterinDevonshire。GeorgeBoonewasaweaverbytradeandaQuakerbyreligion。InEnglandinhistimetheQuakerswereoppressed，andGeorgeBoonethereforesoughtinformationofWilliamPenn，hisco-religionist，regardingthecolonywhichPennhadestablishedinAmerica。In1712hesenthisthreeelderchildren，George，Sarah，andSquire，tospyouttheland。SarahandSquireremainedinPennsylvania，whiletheirbrotherreturnedtoEnglandwithglowingreports。OnAugust17，1717，GeorgeBoone，hiswife，andtherestofhischildrenjourneyedtoBristolandsailedforPhiladelphia，arrivingthereonthe10thofOctober。TheBooneswentfirsttoAbingdon，theQuakerfarmers’community。LatertheymovedtothenorthwesternfrontierhamletofNorthWales，aWelshcommunitywhich，afewyearspreviously，hadturnedQuaker。SarahBoonemarriedaGermannamedJacobStover，whohadsettledinOleyTownship，BerksCounty。In1718GeorgeBoonetookupfourhundredacresinOley，or，tobeexact，inthesubdivisionlatercalledExeter，andtherehelivedinhislogcabinuntil1744，whenhediedattheageofseventy-eight。Helefteightchildren，fifty-twograndchildren，andtengreatgrandchildren，seventydescendantsinall——English，German，Welsh，andScotch-IrishblendedintoonefamilyofAmericans。*

*R。G。Thwaites，\"DanielBoone\"，p。5。

AmongtheWelshQuakerswasafamilyofMorgans。In1720SquireBoonemarriedSarahMorgan。Tenyearslaterheobtained250acresinOleyonOwatinCreek，eightmilessoutheastofthepresentcityofReading；andhere，in1734，DanielBoonewasborn，thefourthsonandsixthchildofSquireandSarahMorganBoone。

DanielBoonethereforewasasonofthefrontier。InhischildhoodhebecamefamiliarwithhuntersandwithIndians，foreventheredmencameofteninfriendlyfashiontohisgrandfather’shouse。SquireBooneenlargedhisfarmbythrift。Hecontinuedathistradeofweavingandkeptfiveorsixloomsgoing，makinghomespunclothforthemarketandhisneighbors。

Daniel’sfatherownedgrazinggroundsseveralmilesnorthofthehomesteadandeachseasonhesenthisstocktotherange。SarahBooneandherlittleDanieldrovethecows。Fromearlyspringtilllateautumn，motherandsonlivedinarusticcabinaloneonthefrontier。Arudedairyhousestoodoveracoolspring，andhereSarahBoonemadeherbutterandcheese。Daniel，agedtenatthistime，watchedtheherds；atsunsethedrovethemtothecabinformilking，andlockedtheminthecowpensatnight。

Hewasnotallowedfirearmsatthatage，soheshapedforhimselfaweaponthatservedhimwell。Thiswasaslendersmoothlyshavedsaplingwithasmallbunchofgnarledrootsatoneend。Soexpertwasheinthelaunchingofthisprimitivespearthatheeasilybroughtdownbirdsandsmallgame。Whenhereachedhistwelfthyear，hisfatherboughthimarifle；andhesoonbecameacrackshot。Ayearlaterwefindhimsettingoffontheautumnhunt——afterdrivingthecattleinforthewinter-withallthekeennessandcourageofamantwicehisthirteenyears。HisrifleenabledhimtoreturnwithmeatforthefamilyandskinstobetradedinPhiladelphia。WhenhewasfourteenhisbrotherSammarriedSarahDay，anintelligentyoungQuakeresswhotookaspecialinterestinheryoungbrother-in-lawandtaughthim\"therudimentsofthreeR’s。\"

TheBooneswereprosperousandhappyinOleyanditmaybewonderedwhytheylefttheirfarmsandtheirlooms，bothofwhichwereprofitable，andsettheirfacestowardstheUnknown。Itisrecordedthat，thoughtheBooneswereQuakers，theywereofahighmettleandwerenotinfrequentlydealtwithbytheMeeting。

TwoofSquireBoone’schildrenmarried\"worldlings\"——non-

Quakers——andwereinconsequence\"disowned\"bytheSociety。Indefianceofhissect，whichstrovetomakehimseverallconnectionwithhisunrulyoffspring，SquireBoonerefusedtoshuthisdoorsonthesonandthedaughterwhohadscandalizedlocalQuakerdom。TheSocietyofFriendsthereuponexpelledhim。

Thisoccurredapparentlyduringthewinterof1748-49。Inthespringof1750weseethewholeBoonefamily（savetwosons）withtheirwivesandchildren，theirhouseholdgoodsandtheirstock，onthegreathighway，boundforalandwherethehotheartandthebelligerentspiritshallnotbeheldamiss。

SouthwardthroughtheShenandoahgoestheBoonecaravan。Thewomenandchildrenusuallysitinthewagons。Themenmarchaheadoralongside，keepingakeeneyeopenforIndianorotherenemyinthewild，theirriflesunderarmorovertheshoulder。SquireBoone，whohasdonewithQuakerdomandisleadingallthatheholdsdearouttolargerhorizons，isaheadoftheline，aswepicturehim，readytomeetfirstwhateverdangermayassailhistribe。Heisastrongwirymanofrathersmallstature，withruddycomplexion，redhair，andgrayeyes。Somewhereintheline，together，wethink，arethemotherandsonwhohaveherdedcattleandcompanionedeachotherthroughlongmonthsinthecabinonthefrontier。Wedonotthinkofthiswomanasridinginthewagon，thoughshemayhavedoneso，butprefertopictureher，withhertallrobustbody，herblackhair，andherblackeyes——withthesuddenWelshsnapinthem——walkingassturdilyasanyofhersons。

IfDanielbebesideher，whatdoessheseewhenshelooksathim？

Aladwellsetupbutnotovertallforhissixteenyears，perhaps——for\"eye-witnesses\"differintheirestimatesofDanielBoone’sheight——orpossiblytallerthanhelooks，becausehisfigurehastheforesthunter’snaturalslantforwardandthedroopoftheneckofonewhomustwatchhispathsometimesinordertotreadsilently。ItisSquireBoone’sbloodwhichshowsinhisruddyface——whichwouldbefairbutforitstan——andintheEnglishcutoffeature，thestraw-coloredeyebrows，andtheblueeyes。ButhisWelshmother’slegacyisseenintheblackhairthathangslongandlooseinthehunter’sfashiontohisshoulders。WecanthinkofDanielBooneonlyasexhilaratedbythisplungeintotheWild。Heseesahead——thedaysofhisgreatexplorationsandwarfare，thediscoveryofKentucky？Notatall。

Thisisaboyofsixteeninlovewithhisrifle。Helooksaheadtovistasofforestfilledwithdeerandtoskiescloudedwithflocksofwildturkeys。InthatdreamthereishappinessenoughforDanielBoone。Indeed，forhimself，eveninlaterlife，heaskedlittle，ifany，more。Hetrudgesonblithely，whistling。

ChapterII。FolkwaysThesemigrationsintotheinlandvalleysoftheOldSouthmarkthefirstgreatwestwardthrustoftheAmericanfrontier。ThusthebeginningsofthewestwardmovementdisclosetousafeaturecharacteristicalsoofthelatermigrationswhichflungthefrontierovertheAppalachians，acrosstheMississippi，andfinallytotheshoresofthePacific。Thepioneers，insteadofmovingwestwardbyslowdegrees，subduingthewildernessastheywent，overleapedgreatspacesandplantedthemselvesbeyond，outofcontactwiththelifetheyhadleftbehind。Thusseparatedbyhundredsofmilesofinterveningwildernessfromthemorecivilizedcommunities，theconquerorsofthefirstAmerican\"West，\"prototypesoftheconquerorsofsucceeding\"Wests，\"

inevitablystruckouttheirownwaysoflifeanddevelopedtheirowncustoms。Itwouldbedifficult，indeed，tofindanywhereamoreremarkablecontrastincontemporaryfolkwaysthanthatpresentedbythetwogreatcommunitygroupsoftheSouth——theinlandorpiedmontsettlements，calledtheBackCountry，andthelowlandtownsandplantationsalongtheseaboard。

Theoldersocietyoftheseaboardtowns，aseventsweresoontoprove，wasnotlessindependentinitsidealsthanthefrontiersocietyoftheBackCountry；butitwasaristocraticintoneandfeeling。Itsleaderswerethelandedgentry——menofelegance，andnotfarbehindtheirEuropeancontemporariesinthecultureoftheday。Theywererich，withouteffort，bothfromtheirplantations，whereblackslavesandindenturedservantslabored，andfromtheircoastwiseandoverseastrade。Theirbattleswithforestandredmanwerelongpast。Theyhadleisurefordiversionssuchasthechase，thebreedingandracingofthoroughbredhorses，thedance，highplaywithdiceandcard，cockfighting，thegallantryoflove，andtheskilloftherapier。

Lawandpoliticsdrewtheirsobererminds。

VerydifferentweretheconditionswhichconfrontedthepioneersinthefirstAmerican\"West。\"Thereeveryjewelofpromisewasringedroundwithhostility。Thecheaplandthepioneerhadpurchasedatanominalprice，orthefreelandhehadtakenby\"tomahawkclaim\"——thatisbycuttinghisnameintothebarkofadeadenedtree，usuallybesideaspring——supportedaforestoftalltrunksandinterlacingleafage。Thelonggrassandweedswhichcoveredthegroundinawealthofnaturalpasturageharboredthepoisonouscopperheadandtherattlesnakeand，beingshadedbytheoverheadfoliage，theyheldtheheavydewsandbredswarmsofmosquitoes，gnats，andbigflieswhichtorturedbothmenandcattle。Toprotectthecattleandhorsesfromtheattacksofthesepeststhesettlerswereobligedtobuildlarge\"smudges\"——firesofgreentimber——againstthewind。Theanimalssoonlearnedtobackupintothedensesmokeandtomovefromonegrazingspottoanotherasthewindchanged。Butusefulaswerethegreentimberfiresthatrolledtheirsmokeonthewindtosavethestock，theywereatthesametimeamenacetothepioneer，fortheyproclaimedtorovingbandsofCherokeesthatafurtherencroachmentontheirterritoryhadbeenmadebytheirmosthatedenemies——themenwhofelledthehunter’sforest。Manyanoutpostpioneerwhohadmadethelonghardjourneybyseaandlandfromtheoldworldofpersecutiontothisnewcountryoffreedom，droppedfromtheredman’sshoterehehadhewnthethresholdofhishome，leavinghiswifeandchildrentotheunrecordedmercyofhisslayer。

Thosemorefortunatepioneerswhosettledingroupswonthefirstheatinthebattlewiththewildernessthroughmassedeffortunderwariness。Theymadetheirclearingsintheforest，builttheircabinsandstockades，andplantedtheircornfields，whilelookoutskeptwatchandrifleswerestackedwithineasyreach。

Everyspecialtask，suchasa\"raising，\"ascabinbuildingwascalled，wasundertakenbythecommunitychieflybecausetheIndiandangernecessitatedswiftbuildingandmadegroupactionimperative。Butthestanchheartiseverthegladheart。Nothinginthisfrontierhistoryimpressesusmorethanthejoyofthepioneerathislabors。Hisdeterminedoptimismturneddanger’sdictationintoanoccasionforjollity。Ontheappointeddayforthe\"raising，\"theneighborswouldcome，ridingorafoot，tothenewcomer’sholding——themenwiththeirriflesandaxes，thewomenwiththeirpotsandkettles。Everychildtoddledalong，too，helpingtocarrythewoodendishesandspoons。ThesefreegiversoflaborhadsomethingoftheOriental’snotionofthesacredratificationoffriendshipbyafeast。

Theusualdimensionsofacabinweresixteenbytwentyfeet。Thetimberforthebuilding，havingbeenalreadycut，layathand——logsofhickory，oak，youngpine，walnut，orpersimmon。Tomakethefoundations，themenseizedfourofthethickestlogs，laidtheminplace，andnotchedandgroovedandhammeredthemintoascloseaclinchasiftheyhadgrownso。Thewoodmustgripbyitsownsubstancealonetoholdupthepioneer’sdwelling，fortherewasnotanironnailtobehadinthewholeoftheBackCountry。Logslaiduponthefoundationlogsandnotchedintoeachotheratthefourcornersformedthewalls；

and，whenthesestoodatsevenfeet，thebuilderslaidparalleltimbersandpuncheonstomakebothflooringandceiling。Theridgepoleoftheroofwassupportedbytwocrotchedtreesandtheroofingwasmadeoflogsandwoodenslabs。Thecrevicesofthewallswerepackedclosewithredclayandmoss。Lastly，spacesforadoorandwindowswerecutout。ThedoorwasmadethickandheavytowithstandtheIndian’srush。Andthewindowpanes？Theywereofpapertreatedwithhog’sfatorbear’sgrease。

Whenthesunstoodoverhead，thewomenwouldgivethewelcomecallof\"Dinner！\"Theirmorninghadnotbeenlessbusythanthemen’s。Theyhadbakedcorncakesonhotstones，roastedbearorpork，orbroiledvenisonsteaks；and——aboveallandfirstofall——theyhadconcoctedthegreat\"stewpie\"withoutwhicharaisingcouldhardlytakeplace。Thiswasadisputatiousmixtureofdeer，hog，andbear——animalswhich，inlife，wouldsurelyhavecompanionedeachotherasill！Itwasmadeinsufficientquantitytolastoverforsupperwhentheday’slaborwasdone。Atsupperthementooktheireaseontheground，butwiththeirriflesalwaysinreach。IfthecabinjustraisedbytheireffortsstoodintheYadkin，withinsightofthegreatmountainsthepioneerswereonedaytocross，perhapsasuddenbirdnotewarningfromthelookout，hiddeninthebrush，wouldbringthebuilderswithaleaptotheirfeet。ItmightbeonlyahuntingbandoffriendlyCatawbasthatpassed，oraloneCherokeewhoknewthatthiswasnothishour。Ifthelatter，wecan，inimagination，seehimlookonceatthenewhouseonhishuntingpasture，slackenreinforamomentinfrontofthegroupoffamilies，lifthishandinsignofpeace，andsilentlygohiswayhillward。Ashevanishesintotheshadows，thecrimsonsun，sinkingintotheunknownwildernessbeyondthemountains，poursitslastglowontheroofofthecabinandonthegroupnearitswalls。Withunfeltfingers，subtly，itputstheredtouchoftheWestinthefacesofthemen——whohavejustdeclared，throughthebuildingofacabin，thathereisJourney’sEndandtheirabidingplace。

Therewerecommunityholidaysamongthesepioneersaswellaslabordays，especiallyinthefruitseason；andtherewereflower-pickingexcursionsinthewarmspringdays。EarlyinApriltheserviceberrybushgleamedstarrilyalongthewatercourses，itshardywhitebloomsdefyingwinter’slingeringlook。Thisbush——ortree，indeed，sinceitisnotafraidtorearitsslendertrunkashighascherryorcrabapple——mightwellbeconsideredemblematicofthefrontierspiritinthoseregionswherethewhitesilencecoverstheearthforseveralmonthsandshutsthelonelyhomesteaderinuponhimself。FromthepioneertimeoftheOldSouthwesttothelastfrontieroftheFarNorthtoday，theserviceberryischerishedalikebywhitemenandIndians；andtheredmenhavewovenaboutitsomeoftheirprettiestlegends。WhenJunehadripenedthetree’sblue-blackberries，theBackCountryfolkwentoutinpartiestogatherthem。Thoughtheserviceberrywasafoodstapleonthefrontieranditsgatheringamatterofhouseholdeconomy，thefolkmadetheirberry-pickingjauntagalaoccasion。Thewomenandchildrenwithpotsandbaskets——theyounggirlsvyingwitheachother，undertheeyesoftheyouths，astowhocouldstripboughsthefastest——pluckedgaylywhilethemen，riflesinhand，keptguard。

Forthesehappysummerdayswerealsotheredman’sscalpingdaysand，atanymoment，thechatterofthepicnickersmightbeinterruptedbythechillingwarwhoop。Whenthatsoundwasheard，theberrypickersracedforthefort。Thewildfruits——strawberries，serviceberries，cherries，plums，crabapples——were，however，toonecessaryapartofthepioneer’smeagerdiettobeleftunpluckedoutoffearofanIndianattack。

Anotherdaywouldseethesamegroupoutagain。Thechildrenwouldkeepclosertotheirmothers，nodoubt；andthelaughteroftheyounggirlswouldbemoresubdued，eveniftheircoquetrylackednothingofitsformereffectiveness。EarlymarriagesweretheruleintheBackCountryandbetrothalswerefrequentlyplightedattheseberrypickings。

Asweconsiderthedescriptionsofthefrontiersmanleftforusbytravelersofhisownday，wearenotmoreinterestedinhisbattleswithwildernessandIndianthaninthevisibleeffectsofbothwildernessandIndianuponhim。HiscountenanceandbearingstillshowtheEuropean，buttheEuropeangreatlyalteredbysavagecontact。Theredperil，indeed，influencedeverysideoffrontierlife。Thebandsofwomenandchildrenattheharvestings，thelogrollings，andthehouseraisings，werenottheremerelytolightenthemen’sworkbytheirlaughterandlove-making。Itwasnotsafeforthemtoremaininthecabins，for，totheIndian，thecabinthusboldlythrustuponhisimmemorialhuntinggroundswasonlyasecondaryevil；thegreaterevilwasthewhiteman’sfamily，bespeakingtheincreaseofthedreadedpalefaces。TheIndianperiltrainedthepioneerstoalertness，shapedthemaswarriorsandhunters，suggestedthefashionoftheirdress，knittheirfamiliesintoclansandtheclansintoatribewhereinallwereofonespiritintheprotectionofeachandallandaunitofhateagainsttheircommonenemy。

ToooftenthefieldswhichthepioneerplantedwithcornwereharvestedbytheIndianwithfire。Thehardestprivationssufferedbyfarmersandstockwereduetothesettlershavingtofleetotheforts，leavingtoIndiandevastationthecropsonwhichtheirsustenancemainly，depended。Sometimes，fortunately，thewarningcameintimeforthefrontiersmantocollecthisgoodsandchattelsinhiswagonandtorounduphislivestockanddrivethemsafelyintothecommonfortifiedenclosure。Atothers，thetapofthe\"express\"——astheheraldofIndiandangerwascalled——atnightonthewindowpaneandthelowwordwhisperedhastily，erethe\"express\"ranontothenextabode，meantthattheIndianshadsurprisedtheoutlyingcabinsofthesettlement。

Thefortswerebuiltascentrallyaspossibleinthescatteredsettlements。Theyconsistedofcabins，blockhouses，andstockades。Arangeofcabinsoftenformedonesideofafort。Thewallsontheoutsideweretenortwelvefeethighwithroofsslopinginward。Theblockhousesbuiltattheanglesofthefortprojectedtwofeetorsobeyondtheouterwallsofthecabinsandstockades，andwerefittedwithportholesforthewatchersandthemarksmen。Theentrancetothefortwasalargefoldinggateofthickslabs。Itwasalwaysonthesidenearestthespring。Thewholestructureofthefortwasbullet-proofandwaserectedwithoutanironnailorspike。Intheborderwarsthesefortswithstoodallattacks。Thesavages，havingprovedthattheycouldnotstormthem，generallylaidsiegeandwaitedforthirsttocompelasortie。Butthecraftybesiegerwasasoftenoutwittedbytheequallycunningdefender。Somedaringsoul，withsilentfeetandperhapswithnakedbodypaintedinIndianfashion，woulddropfromthewallundercoverofthenight，passamongthefoementothespring，andreturntothefortwithwater。

Intothepioneer’sphrase-makingtheIndianinfluencepenetratedsothathenamedseasonsforhisfoe。Sothoroughlyhastheterm\"IndianSummer，\"nowtousredolentofcharm，becomedisassociatedfromitsoriginsthatitgivesusashocktoberemindedthattotheseBackCountryfolkthebalmydaysfollowingonthecoldsnapmeanttheseasonwhentheredmenwouldcomebackforalastmurderousraidonthesettlementsbeforewintershouldsealuptheland。The\"PowwowingDays\"werethemellowdaysinthelatterpartofFebruary，whentheredmenincouncilmadetheirmedicineandlearnedoftheirreddergodswhetherornotheyshouldtakethewarpathwhenthesappulsedthetreesintoleaf。Eventhechildrenattheirplayacknowledgedthered-skinnedschoolmaster，fortheirchiefgameswereatraininginhiswoodcraftandintheuseofhisweapons。Tomahawk-throwingwasafavoritesportbecauseofitsgruesomepracticalpurposes。

Theboysmustlearntogaugethetomahawk’srevolutionsbythedistanceofthethrowsoastoburythebladeinitsobjective。

Swiftrunningandhighjumpingthroughthebrushandfallentimberweresportsthattaughtagilityinescape。Theboyslearnedtoshootaccuratelythelongriflesoftheirtime，withalogoraforkedstickforarest，andamosspadunderthebarreltokeepitfromjerkingandspoilingtheaim。Theywrestledwitheachother，masteredthetricksofthrowinganopponent，andlearnedthescalpholdinsteadofthetoehold。Itwaspartoftheireducationtoimitatethenoisesofeverybirdandbeastoftheforest。Sotheylearnedtoluretheturkeywithinrange，orbythebleatofafawntobringherdamtotherifle。A

well-simulatedwolf’showlwouldcallfortharesponseandsoinformthelonehunterofthevicinityofthepack。Thisforestspeechwasnotonlythelanguageofdiplomacyinthehuntingseason；itwastheborderer’ssecretcodeinwar。StrayIndiansputthemselvesintouchagainwiththebandbyturkeycallsinthedaytimeandbyowlorwolfnotesatnight。ThefrontiersmenusedthesamemeanstotricktheIndianbandintobetrayingtheplaceofitsambuscade，ortolurethestrays，unwitting，withinreachoftheknife。

Inthatage，beforetheforestshadgivenplacetofarmsandcitiesandwhenthesunhadbutslightacquaintancewiththesod，thesummerswerecoolandthewinterslongandcoldintheBackCountry。SometimesinSeptemberseverefrostsdestroyedthecorn。

Thefirstlightpowderingcalled\"huntingsnows\"fellinOctober，andthenthemenoftheBackCountrysetoutonthechase。Theirobjectwasmeat——buffalo，deer，elk，bear-forthewinterlarder，andskinstosendoutinthespringbypack-horsestothecoastintradeforiron，steel，andsalt。TherainfallinNorthCarolinawasmuchheavierthaninVirginiaand，fromautumnintoearlywinter，theYadkinforestsweresheetedwithrain；butwetweather，sofarfromdeterringthehunter，aidedhimtothekill。